Genesis 2:1-3
And so the heavens and the earth were completed, and all their heavenly lights. By the seventh day God completed His work which He had done, and He rested on the seventh day from all His work which He had done. Then God blessed the seventh day and sanctified it, because on it He rested from all His work which God had created and made.
The work God set out to do is complete. On the seventh day He ceases from it, blesses that day, and sets it apart.
Does this mean God is no longer active in the universe?
No. The seventh-day rest does not mean God has withdrawn from the universe or ceased to be active within it. In fact, the entire order God had set rests upon His created design.
So, what is happening in this rest is really not about an end to work. God finishes the work of creating and arranging the heavens and the earth with all their hosts, then ceases from that particular activity. He's not, not still at work, anymore than the Jews who kept the law attempted to keep themselves from work on the sabbath day. Breathing is a body at work. Thinking. Hunger. Bowel movements. No one can completely rest in that sense.
But this isn't what God did anyhow. God rested, ended His creative work and established a pattern of resting in the creative orders. The rest in Genesis 2 is not an absolute cessation of all activity; it is the deliberate end of a specific work.
So, what is the specific work man should rest from on the seventh day?
Exodus 20:9–10 states it directly. Six days you shall labor and do all your work, but the seventh day is a Sabbath to the Lord your God; on it you shall not do any work. The work in view is the regular occupational and productive labor by which livelihood is maintained. It is not a command to cease every bodily function or every form of activity, but to stop the ordinary work of those six days. And in the New Testament the rest is also a sign of the covenant. It's a gesture of sorts that will point beyond the weekly observance to the deeper rest entered by faith in Christ (Hebrews 4). The weekly cessation from ordinary labor becomes a visible acknowledgment that the people belong to the God who finished His creative work and set the day apart.
Does this mean we should fast? Not do the work of eating?
No, eating is not that kind of work. Scripture itself shows that food was to be eaten on the Sabbath (Exodus 16). The day of rest is not a day without food; it is a day without the labor of collecting it.
So, we shouldn't go grocery shopping on the Sabbath?
In biblical terms, and in the terms of the Sabbath as given in the Law, yes. Grocery shopping belongs to the ordinary commercial labor of acquiring what is needed for livelihood, and that is the category of work the seventh day sets aside.
I can confess I do not adhere to this command. I've not fitted my days according to this Hebrew tradition.
But is this confession consistent with the New Testament’s treatment of the seventh-day command?
As I understand it, the Sabbath as a required weekly cessation from ordinary labor was a sign of the Mosaic covenant given to Israel. The New Testament does not reimpose that sign on those who are in Christ. In fact, Colossians 2:16–17 instructs believers to not let anyone judge them in regard to a Sabbath day, because such things are a shadow of what is to come, and the substance belongs to Christ.
So, has Christ's advent, death on the cross, and resurrection (all the works of the recreation) created another pattern of God's order at work?
I believe so. His finished work establishes a new order with its own pattern of rest.
"It is finished" (John 19:30)
This is the declaration that the decisive labor is done. On that basis the believer is brought into a new creation (2 Corinthians 5:17; Galatians 6:15). The old order is not abolished in the sense that the material world disappears, but it is decisively reordered around the finished work of Christ.
The old creation is not erased, but it is now redefined by the finished work of the cross and the resurrection.
This new order has its own rest. Hebrews 4 presents the seventh-day rest as a type that remains open, and the way into it is faith in the One who has already finished the work. What this means to me is God, the eternal Father, through Jesus, the eternal Son, has created a new covenant of spiritual life. What was foreshadowed in the seventh-day rest; the completion of God’s work and the blessing of those who belong to Him, is now realized in Christ. The new covenant is not a revised version of the Mosaic sign; it is the covenant of spiritual life promised in Jeremiah 31 and enacted through the blood of Christ (Luke 22:20; Hebrews 8–10).
Jeremiah 31:33-34
"...I will put my law in their minds and write it on their hearts. I will be their God, and they will be my people. No longer will they teach their neighbor, or say to one another, 'Know the Lord,' because they will all know me, from the least of them to the greatest," declares the Lord. "For I will forgive their wickedness and will remember their sins no more."
Why is "work", as we've been discussing, seemingly deemed to be outside of God's order or spiritual purpose?
As we're soon going to be studying, there comes a fall from grace for mankind. And this "work" of sustaining our lives is the curse that God establishes for mankind. But this isn't to say that all labor, all cultivation of food and the products of handiwork is cursed. For surely, mankind before the fall was given the tasks of cultivating the garden, keeping the it and guarding what God has created.
But what changes is the character of that labor. In the beginning Ii is purposeful work, unforced, and carried out in the setting of a creation already completed and at rest. What changes after the fall is the earth itself. The earth will no longer pour out her blessings upon the man creature. Now, post fall, the man must struggle and fail to find his strength. The fall subjects the ground to frustration so that the same basic task; sustaining life from the earth, now meets great resistance. Thorns and thistles appear; bread is eaten by the sweat of the face. The conditions by which labor is performed is greatly altered.
So, cultivation is not cursed. Handiwork, and the ordinary products of human effort are not thereby declared outside God’s purpose. They continue as the necessary and fitting activity of those who live in a fallen world that still belongs to its Maker.
So, you see, Tthis is why the rest we have been tracing does not abolish labor. The seventh-day cessation under the Law, and the deeper rest entered into by faith in Christ, sets aside a particular use of work. The intention behind that work.
What's different is the curse still marks the ground, but the rest in Christ marks the laborer. The post-fall reality is that the same kind of work continues, yet the one who labors does so from the rest Christ has secured rather than in order to secure life. In the new covenant work remains, but is now carried out by people who already rest in the finished work of the Son.
The sign of the covenant is no longer displayed in the ordinary work or lack thereof. In the New Covenant the "works" of faith are displayed in a people who know the Lord, whose sins are remembered no more, and who live from the life the Father gives through the Son. The covenantal work belongs to God. The covenantal rest is in Him and His work. In this sense the sign has shifted from the calendar of ordinary labor to the reality of the new covenant itself.
"Work out your own salvation..." in this sense really drives the point home. "...with fear and trembling, for it is God who works in you, both to will and to work for his good pleasure."
There is labor, and the active pursuit of a life that belongs to salvation. And it is God who is already at work in the believer, producing the willing and the doing.
Amen 🙏🏼